• What is a bibliography?

    A bibliography is an alphabetical list of resources such as books, periodicals/journals, CD-ROMs, interviews and other sources of information, which have been used to complete a written assignment. 

    Why do we write a bibliography?

    We need to acknowledge the sources we have used. We assist a reader to find additional information on the subject and we make it possible to verify the accuracy of the information in the work.

    What is the difference between a list of references and a bibliography?

    A list of references contains details about only the resources cited in the assignment.
    A bibligraphy contains a list of works not cited in the assignment but on the relevant subject.
  • Some points to remember:

    THERE ARE DIFFERENT STYLES of writing up a bibliography AND PUNCTUATION MAY VARY FROM THE GUIDELINES GIVEN HERE. SO MAKE SURE YOU FIND OUT WHICH ONE YOUR TEACHER PREFERS.     The style referred to here is the Harvard System.
  • Bibliographical references are made at two different places -

    1) within the text of your assignment, where you have either directly quoted the actual words of the writer, or summarised his ideas in your own words.
    i. Direct Quote
    Use quotation marks to indicate direct quote (' ')
    Acknowledge the reference in brackets at the end of the sentence.
    Give the author's name, year of publication and page number.

    Example:

    The region of Provence is described as " beautiful hilly countryside with olive groves, vineyards and picturesque villages" (Gamgee, 1993, p.14). 

    ii. Indirect Quote

    When the quote is moulded into your own sentence, a brief reference is given in the text.

    Example:

    Gamgee (1993, p.14) describes Provence as a place of immense beauty .........

    (A brief reference is given in the text). 

    2) In a list, at the end of the work.

    Full bibliographic references are provided at the end.

  • Use a capital letter only for the first letter of the first word of the title-
    Example: Living with disability
    unless it is a proper noun (a name - Kim Nguyen, a place - Canley Vale, or an organisation - Red Cross)
    Example: Journey through France ( France - name of a country)
  • If the bibliographic details take up more than one line, use indentation to highlight the alphabetical order. Begin your second line on the fourth space in.


    Books (including reference)

    Include the following information in this order:

    1. Author's surname, initials or first name. 
    2. Year of publication , (comma)
    3. Title of the book, (underlined or italics) (comma)
    4. Publisher, ( comma)
    5. Place of Publication. (full stop)

    Example: 

    Tunstall, J. 1999, Better, faster email: getting the most out of email,
    Allen & Unwin, Sydney. 

    An Encyclopaedia:

    Title of encyclopaedia, (underlined or italics,) (comma) 
    Year (comma) , 
    Edition, (comma)
    Publisher, (comma) 
    Place of publication. (full stop) 
    Volume number,
    Page numbers.


    Example:

    The World Book Encyclopedia 2004, 2004 Edn, World Book Inc, Chicago, vol. 21, pp. 22-23. 


    Books (edited)

    Include the following Information in this order:

    1. Editor's surname, initials.
    2.(ed.) ( in brackets)
    3. Year, ( comma)
    4. Title of book, ( underlined or italics) (comma)
    5. Publisher, (comma)
    6. Place of publication. (full stop)

    Example:

    Sheldon, A. (ed.) 1995, Referencing: a guide for students , IMPS, Melbourne.

    Newspapers

    Include the following information in this order:

    1 Author's surname, initials. 
    2. Year, ( comma)
    3.' Title of the article', (comma)
    4. The title of the newspaper (underlined or italics) (comma)
    5. Date of publication ( comma)
    6. Page numbers of article ( full stop)

    Example:

    Williams, N. 2002, 'Young whale back at sea', The Daily Telegraph , 5 June, p. 9.

    Periodicals/ Magazines

    Include the following information in this order:

    1. Author's surname, initials (full stop).
    2. Year , ( comma)
    3. 'Title of the article' , (comma)
    4.Title of the journal. ( underlined or in italics) ( comma)
    5.Month/ Volume/Number / season, (comma)
    6. Page numbers of the article. (full stop)

    Example:

    Gibbs, N. 2002, 'Making time for a baby', Time , April 15, pp.45 -49. 

    CD-ROMS

    References to CD-ROMs are similar to references to books with the inclusion of [CD-ROM] after the title.

    Include the following information in this order:
    1. Author's surname, initials. 
    		 1. Subject, (In single quotation marks) (comma)
    2. Year, (comma) 2. Date, (comma)
    3. Title, (underlined or italics) 3. Title [CD-ROM]. [in square brackets] ( full stop)
    4. CD ROM. [ in square brackets] 4. Publisher, (comma)
    5. Publisher, (comma) 5. Place of publication. (full stop)
    6. Place of publication. (full stop)  

    Example:

    Bowden, G. 2000, Learning Microsoft Excel 2000 [CD ROM]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    ' Baseball', 2001, Encarta 2001 encyclopedia [CD-ROM]. Microsoft, Redman, WA.

    E-mail

    Include the following information in this order:

    1. Sender's surname, initials. (full stop)
    2. (Sender's E-mail address), (brackets) (comma)
    3 . Year of publication. (full stop)
    4. Subject of message. (underlined or italics) (full stop)
    5. Email to (recipient) (brackets) 
    6. Date of access.

    Example:

    Shandil , A. <Shandil@iprimus.com.au>, 2002. Ex-students Reunion . [ Personal email to A. Dodo]. 2 July, 2002.



    Videos 

    Include the following information in this order:

    1. Title( underlined or italics) 
    2. Date of production, (comma)
    3. Format, [video recording] (comma)
    4. Publisher, (comma)
    5. Place of publication, (Full Stop)
    6. Any special credits.

    Example:

    Source of life: water in our environment 1992, [ video recording], Rainbow Educational Media, 
    Westport Conn. Producer Peter Cochran.

    World Wide WEB

    Include the following information in this order:

    1.Author's surname, initials or organisation responsible for the site
    2. Year - the date the site was created if available,
    3. Title (underlined or italics) (comma)
    4. Format [online ] (full stop)
    5. Date of access,
    6.     Internet address. (full stop)


    Example:

    Morano, D. 1995, Experimental science projects: an intermediate level guide [online].
    [Accessed 1 July, 2002], <http://www.isd77.k12.mn.us/resources/cf/SciProjInter.html/>.

    Since the address, content and format of electronic sources are unstable, it is advisable to include the date of your visit to the site as well as the publication date. Works that do not include the author's name should be cited by title.